Former US president Donald Trump’s ‘maximum pressure’ campaign against Iran utterly failed to enhance regional or global security. His successor, Joe Biden, must not make the same mistake.

The centrepiece of Trump’s Iran policy was his unilateral withdrawal of the United States from the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action—or JCPOA, widely known as the Iran nuclear deal—in 2018. This move, directly and aggressively promoted by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, enabled the US to reimpose severe sanctions on Iran.

At the time, Iran was in full compliance with the JCPOA’s conditions, and it remained in compliance for a full year after Trump’s decision took effect, to give Europe a chance to uphold its pledge to bypass US sanctions. But Europe didn’t follow through, so Iran began to break the rules.

Now, as an outgoing deputy chief of Mossad recently noted ^[1], the situation is worse than it was when the JCPOA was signed. US Secretary of State Antony Blinken believes ^[2] that Iran is only months away from being able to produce enough fissile material to build a nuclear weapon. If it continues to raise limits imposed by the JCPOA, it could get there in ‘a matter of weeks’.

And yet, far from learning its lesson, Israel—together with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates—wants Biden to maintain Trump’s failed policy. In January, Israel’s military chief, Lieutenant General Aviv Kochavi, warned ^[3] the Biden administration against rejoining the JCPOA, even if its terms were toughened. He also announced that Israeli forces are stepping up preparations for possible offensive action against Iran this year.

For Iran’s neighbours, a US–Iran détente that doesn’t address Tehran’s ballistic-missile program and support for proxies across the Middle East is a nightmare scenario. They fear that once tensions with Iran are defused, the US is likely to shift its focus away from the Middle East. The US global posture review now being prepared by US Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin will likely reaffirm ^[4] this prospect.

Against this background, it would be unwise to pursue French President Emanuel Macron’s suggestion ^[5] that Saudi Arabia and other regional actors be involved in any new negotiations about the JCPOA. Of course, Saudi Arabia—which, along with the United Arab Emirates, has demanded the Gulf states’ involvement—welcomed Macron’s call. But, as Iran recognises, this is a sure route to diplomatic failure and the perpetuation of conflict.

Without these countries acting as spoilers, there’s a chance of success. To be sure, domestic politics will limit Iran’s ability to accept changes to the original agreement. Years of devastating sanctions—together with America’s assassination of General Qassem Suleimani, Iran’s most powerful military commander, in January 2020 and Israel’s covert operations inside the country—have boosted Iran’s hawks, who performed strongly in last year’s parliamentary election.

In fact, days after the Suleimani strike, Iran launched missiles at US forces in Iraq, wounding more than 100 troops. Similar rocket attacks were launched ^[6] this month, following US strikes on Iran-backed militias at the Syria–Iraq border. This, together with persistent attacks on Saudi Arabia by Yemen’s Iran-backed Houthi rebels, suggests that Iran has no intention of allowing the showdown over the JCPOA to hamper its regional power plays.

All great revolutions aspire to secure their legacy through expansion. For Iran, the imperative is to protect its credibility not only among its citizens, but also among the proxies that channel its influence in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Yemen. That is why so many powerful voices in Iran will oppose returning even to the 2015 agreement: nuclear capabilities are regime insurance. The US doesn’t wage wars against nuclear powers.

Yet Iran has hardly shut the door on the JCPOA. On the contrary, it recently signalled its enduring willingness to compromise, by agreeing ^[7] to hold for three months recordings from monitoring equipment installed at nuclear sites by the International Atomic Energy Agency. If the US rolls back sanctions within that timeframe, the recordings will be released. (Iran had previously decided that, unless US sanctions were lifted by 21 February, intrusive checks of its nuclear sites would be banned.)

The Biden administration should use this window of opportunity to secure a straightforward agreement: the US lifts sanctions in exchange for Iran’s compliance with JCPOA restrictions on its nuclear activities. This would significantly bolster the moderate President Hassan Rouhani’s position vis-à-vis his hardline challenger, Hossein Dehghan, in this June’s presidential election.

But this would not be enough to mitigate the risk of a regionwide conflagration. For that, the US would have to negotiate a ‘phase two’ agreement that addresses Iran’s ballistic-missile program and support for non-state actors across the Middle East, in addition to the JCPOA’s ‘sunset clause’, which would lift restrictions on Iran’s nuclear enrichment program after 2025.

Given China’s massive investments in—and energy dependence on—the Middle East, it could be a useful ally in this effort. Already, China has proposed ^[8] establishing a designated forum, in which Gulf countries can address regional security issues, including compliance with the JCPOA.

There’s reason to think that Saudi Arabia and the UAE—which, despite their large military budgets ^[9], can’t afford a full-scale war with Iran—would be willing to reach some kind of negotiated regional settlement within such a forum. As both countries set their sights ^[10] on nuclear power, a non-proliferation scheme may also be a possibility.

Israel, however, would be excluded from this forum. In any case, it is highly unlikely to engage in negotiations with Iran. Responsibility for reining it in thus falls to the US. To that end, Biden should address Israel’s security concerns and expand the multilateral process to address Israel’s core strategic interests in Syria and Lebanon.

None of this will be easy. But a two-phase agreement is the best bet for the US, the region and the world.