{"id":10868,"date":"2013-11-20T14:45:13","date_gmt":"2013-11-20T03:45:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/?p=10868"},"modified":"2013-11-21T06:14:28","modified_gmt":"2013-11-20T19:14:28","slug":"author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/","title":{"rendered":"Author response: bolstering Bougainvilleans"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com.au\/maps?t=m&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;ll=-6.217012,155.335693&amp;spn=3.8219,6.04248&amp;z=7&amp;output=embed\" height=\"350\" width=\"550\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><br \/>\nWe thank Joanne Wallis and other scholars for their interest in our Special Report, <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/publications\/special-report-a-stitch-in-time-preserving-peace-on-bougainville\" target=\"_blank\">A stitch in time<\/a><\/em>, which aims to put Bougainville\u2019s coming referendum back on the policy radar.<\/p>\n<p>While all the responses agree <a href=\"http:\/\/devpolicy.org\/in-brief\/bougainville-bulletin-20131114\/\" target=\"_blank\">there\u2019s a lot at stake<\/a> over the next few years, some share Joanne\u2019s concerns that our report <a href=\"https:\/\/newmatilda.com\/2013\/11\/13\/bougainville-needs-reparations-not-aid\" target=\"_blank\">glosses over historical actions<\/a> that could make Australian help unwelcome, or <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/reader-response-beware-of-berating-bougainvilleans\/\" target=\"_blank\">overemphasises technocratic solutions<\/a> to the exclusion of local sources of stability.<\/p>\n<p>On the first charge, we\u2019d suggest the success of the Australian-led peacekeeping mission from 1998 to 2003 shows our help is likely to be acceptable again. It\u2019s true the <a href=\"http:\/\/epress.anu.edu.au\/apps\/bookworm\/view\/Reconciliation+and+Architectures+of+Commitment%3A+Sequencing+peace+in+Bougainville\/5301\/ch02.xhtml\" target=\"_blank\">colonial administration\u2019s role in promoting mining<\/a> to avoid Papua New Guinea\u2019s total dependence on Australia, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aph.gov.au\/binaries\/library\/pubs\/bp\/1991\/91bp33.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Canberra\u2019s role in supporting PNG efforts<\/a> to avoid its territorial fragmentation soon after Independence (often criticised as \u2018half-hearted\u2019 by Port Moresby), meant Australia had <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/new-zealand-does-some-things-better-than-australia\/\" target=\"_blank\">too much baggage<\/a> to play the breakthrough role New Zealand did with the 1997 Burnham truce and 1998 Lincoln ceasefire. But the Kiwis only had the resources to command the first peacekeeping rotation. It took Australia\u2019s ten times larger economy and proximity to Melanesia to provide the combination of resources and direct strategic interests to underwrite a sustained peace effort.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>To deal with continuing suspicions in both Bougainville and Port Moresby about Australian motivations, our paper argues it\u2019s essential to avoid taking sides on an independence or autonomy outcome. The key requirement is to avert the violence possible with either result and to help provide the time, space, and sense of hope to show various positive outcomes are possible.<\/p>\n<p>In doing so, we agree it\u2019s important to bolster rather than berate Bougainvilleans, and our paper acknowledges that there are local strengths to celebrate and build-on. But we&#8217;d argue that the publication of former rebel leader and now businessman Sam Kauona\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/ramumine.wordpress.com\/2013\/11\/08\/momis-and-rio-tinto-accused-of-trying-to-hijack-bougainville-mining-law\/\" target=\"_blank\">open letter against the Autonomous Bougainville Government\u2019s draft mining legislation<\/a> on the same day as our report demonstrates that social divisions and fragility remain powerful forces. The inability of traditional cultural mechanisms to transfer new sources of wealth between generations\u2014primarily compensation for massive social and environmental dislocation\u2014was a key factor sparking violence in 1988. Bougainvillean society remains deeply divided, not just along the axis of strongly differing opinions about autonomy versus independence (or for and against restarting the mine) but also by age, gender, educational, cultural, and economic lines.<\/p>\n<p>Our paper sets out nine practical steps governments can take to help manage the consequences of these divisions in order to create room for a peaceful outcome. One of these is to actively strengthen the voice of women and community leaders, who proved their courage and effectiveness in early moves to stabilise the 1988-97 crisis. Frankly, this isn&#8217;t our area of expertise, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/publications\/strategic-insights-60-securing-the-south-pacific-making-the-most-of-australias-renewed-regional-focus\" target=\"_blank\">we&#8217;ve previously recognised<\/a> Joanne\u2019s own contribution to <a href=\"http:\/\/asiapacific.anu.edu.au\/cap-events\/south-pacific-%E2%80%98arc-instability%E2%80%99-%E2%80%98arc-opportunity%E2%80%99-it-time-australia-shift-its-priorities#.UovwjeLlNqE\" target=\"_blank\">strengthening the conversation between security planners and anthropologists, development specialists and other Pacific experts<\/a> on the interplay of micro-level cultural factors with national and global dynamics. But as the clock ticks towards a referendum, if scholars have practical ideas for harnessing the redemptive power of these partly strong, partly weak societies, now would be a good time to hear them.<\/p>\n<p><em><em>Peter Jennings is the executive director of the ASPI, and\u00a0<em>Karl Claxton is an analyst at ASPI<\/em>.<\/em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We thank Joanne Wallis and other scholars for their interest in our Special Report, A stitch in time, which aims to put Bougainville\u2019s coming referendum back on the policy radar. While all the responses agree &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[118],"tags":[626,294,99],"class_list":["post-10868","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-australia-and-its-region","tag-bougainville","tag-diplomacy","tag-south-pacific"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Author response: bolstering Bougainvilleans | The Strategist<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Author response: bolstering Bougainvilleans | The Strategist\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"We thank Joanne Wallis and other scholars for their interest in our Special Report, A stitch in time, which aims to put Bougainville\u2019s coming referendum back on the policy radar. While all the responses agree ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Strategist\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ASPI.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-11-20T03:45:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2013-11-20T19:14:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Peter Jennings\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ASPI_org\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ASPI_org\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Peter Jennings\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/\",\"name\":\"The Strategist\",\"description\":\"ASPI&#039;s analysis and commentary site\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/\",\"name\":\"Author response: bolstering Bougainvilleans | The Strategist\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2013-11-20T03:45:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2013-11-20T19:14:28+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#\/schema\/person\/fa4e2bf870963c9c47a6b86c5c08a548\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Author response: bolstering Bougainvilleans\"}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#\/schema\/person\/fa4e2bf870963c9c47a6b86c5c08a548\",\"name\":\"Peter Jennings\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/05b37bcdeef0bd9074f96dc18c547536?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/05b37bcdeef0bd9074f96dc18c547536?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Peter Jennings\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author\/peter-jennings\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Author response: bolstering Bougainvilleans | The Strategist","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Author response: bolstering Bougainvilleans | The Strategist","og_description":"We thank Joanne Wallis and other scholars for their interest in our Special Report, A stitch in time, which aims to put Bougainville\u2019s coming referendum back on the policy radar. While all the responses agree ...","og_url":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/","og_site_name":"The Strategist","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ASPI.org","article_published_time":"2013-11-20T03:45:13+00:00","article_modified_time":"2013-11-20T19:14:28+00:00","author":"Peter Jennings","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@ASPI_org","twitter_site":"@ASPI_org","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Peter Jennings","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/","name":"The Strategist","description":"ASPI&#039;s analysis and commentary site","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-AU"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/","url":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/","name":"Author response: bolstering Bougainvilleans | The Strategist","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#website"},"datePublished":"2013-11-20T03:45:13+00:00","dateModified":"2013-11-20T19:14:28+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#\/schema\/person\/fa4e2bf870963c9c47a6b86c5c08a548"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-AU","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author-response-bolstering-bougainvilleans\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Author response: bolstering Bougainvilleans"}]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#\/schema\/person\/fa4e2bf870963c9c47a6b86c5c08a548","name":"Peter Jennings","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-AU","@id":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/05b37bcdeef0bd9074f96dc18c547536?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/05b37bcdeef0bd9074f96dc18c547536?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Peter Jennings"},"url":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/author\/peter-jennings\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10868"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10868"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10868\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10892,"href":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10868\/revisions\/10892"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10868"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10868"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10868"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}