{"id":34758,"date":"2017-10-12T11:00:37","date_gmt":"2017-10-12T00:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/?p=34758"},"modified":"2017-10-12T09:18:27","modified_gmt":"2017-10-11T22:18:27","slug":"a-new-front-in-asias-water-war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/a-new-front-in-asias-water-war\/","title":{"rendered":"A new front in Asia\u2019s water war"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34760 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/water-2693696_640.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/water-2693696_640.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/water-2693696_640-205x136.jpg 205w, https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/water-2693696_640-332x221.jpg 332w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">China has long regarded fresh water as a strategic weapon\u2014one that the country\u2019s leaders have no compunction about wielding to advance their foreign-policy goals. After years of using its <a href=\"http:\/\/press.georgetown.edu\/book\/georgetown\/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chokehold<\/a> on almost every major transnational river system in Asia to manipulate water flows themselves, China is now withholding data on upstream flows to put pressure on downstream countries, particularly India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">For decades, China has been dragging its neighbours into high-stakes games of geopolitical poker over water-related issues. Thanks to <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\">its forcible annexation of Tibet and other non-Han Chinese ethnic homelands\u2014territories that comprise some 60% of its landmass\u2014China is the world\u2019s unrivaled hydro-hegemon. It is the source of cross-border riparian flows to more countries than any other state.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">In recent years, China has worked hard to exploit that status to increase its leverage over its neighbours, relentlessly building upstream dams on international rivers. China is now home to more dams than the rest of the world combined, and the construction continues, leaving downstream neighbours\u2014especially the vulnerable lower Mekong basin states, Nepal, and Kazakhstan\u2014essentially at China\u2019s mercy.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">So far, China has refused to enter into a water-sharing treaty with a single country. It does, however, share some hydrological <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">and meteorological <\/span>data\u2014<span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">essential to enable downstream countries to foresee and plan for floods, thereby protecting lives and reducing material losses.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Yet, this year, China decided to withhold such data from India, undermining the efficacy of India\u2019s flood early-warning systems\u2014during Asia\u2019s summer monsoon season, no less. As a result, despite below-normal monsoon rains this year in India\u2019s northeast, through which the Brahmaputra River flows after leaving Tibet and before entering Bangladesh, the region faced unprecedented flooding, with <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"http:\/\/floodlist.com\/asia\/india-assam-floods-august-2017\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">devastating consequences<\/span><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">, especially in Assam state.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">China\u2019s decision to withhold crucial data is not only cruel; it also breaches the country\u2019s international obligations. China is one of just three countries that voted against the 1997 <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVII-12&amp;chapter=27&amp;clang=_en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">United Nations Watercourse Convention<\/span><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">, which called for the regular exchange of hydrological and other data between co-basin states. But <\/span><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">China did enter into a five-year bilateral <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/fnvaworld.org\/download\/resource-center\/2014-July-Implementation-Plan-between-India-and-PRC-for-YTB.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">accord<\/span><\/a>,<span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"> which expires next year, requiring it to transfer to India hydrological and meteorological data daily from three Brahmaputra-monitoring stations in Tibet during the risky flood season, from 15 May to 15 October. A similar agreement, reached in 2015, covers the Sutlej, another flood-prone river. Both accords arose after flash floods linked <\/span>to suspected discharges from Chinese projects in Tibet repeatedly ravaged India\u2019s Arunachal and Himachal states.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Unlike some other countries, which offer hydrological data to their downstream counterparts for free, China does so only for a price. <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">(The Watercourse Convention would have required that no charges be levied, unless the data or information was \u2018not readily available\u2019\u2014a rule that may also have contributed to China\u2019s \u2018no\u2019 vote.)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">But it was a price India was willing to pay. And <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">this year, as always, India sent the agreed amount.<\/span> <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">Yet it received no data, with the Chinese foreign ministry <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.fmprc.gov.cn\/mfa_eng\/xwfw_665399\/s2510_665401\/2511_665403\/t1492339.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">claiming<\/span><\/a> after almost four months that upstream stations were being \u2018upgraded\u2019 or \u2018renovated\u2019. That claim was spurious: China did supply data on the Brahmaputra to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-41303082\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bangladesh<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Three weeks earlier, the state-controlled newspaper <i>Global Times<\/i> offered a more plausible explanation for China\u2019s failure to deliver the promised data to India: the data transfer had been intentionally <a href=\"http:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/content\/1062249.shtml?utm_content=buffer74ce2&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_source=twitter.com&amp;utm_campaign=buffer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">halted<\/a>, owing to India\u2019s supposed infringement on Chinese territorial sovereignty in a dispute over the remote Himalayan region of Doklam. <span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">For much of the summer, that dispute took the form of a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/china-india-border-standoff-by-brahma-chellaney-2017-08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">border standoff<\/span><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"> where Bhutan, Tibet, and the Indian state of Sikkim meet.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\" style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">But even before the dispute flared in mid-June, China was seething over India\u2019s boycott of its 14\u201315 May <\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.project-syndicate.org\/commentary\/one-belt-one-road-china-imperialism-by-brahma-chellaney-2017-05\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">summit<\/span><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"> promoting the much-vaunted \u2018Belt and Road\u2019 initiative. The denial of data apparently began as an attempt to punish India for <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.mea.gov.in\/media-briefings.htm?dtl\/28463\/Official_Spokespersons_response_to_a_query_on_participation_of_India_in_OBORBRI_Forum\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\">condemning<\/span><\/a><span style=\"background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;\"> China\u2019s massive cross-border infrastructure agenda as <\/span>an opaque, neocolonial enterprise. China\u2019s desire to punish India was then reinforced by the Doklam standoff.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">For China, it seems, international agreements stop being binding when they are no longer politically convenient. This reading is reinforced by China\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/2017\/06\/30\/china-says-legally-binding-hong-kong-handover-treaty-britain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">violations<\/a> of its 1984 pact with the United Kingdom, under which China gained sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997. China claims that the agreement, based on the formula \u2018one country, two systems\u2019, had lost \u2018practical significance\u2019 over the last 20 years.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Were the roles reversed, a downstream China would have stridently accused an upstream India of exacerbating flood-related death and destruction by breaching its international obligations. But just as China has unilaterally and aggressively asserted its territorial and maritime claims in Asia, it is using the reengineering of cross-border riparian flows and denial of hydrological data to deepen its regional power.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">In fact, China\u2019s cutoff of water data, despite the likely impact on vulnerable civilian communities, sets a dangerous precedent of indifference to humanitarian considerations. It also highlights how China is fashioning unconventional tools of coercive diplomacy, whose instruments already range from informally boycotting goods from a targeted country to halting strategic exports (such as of rare-earth minerals) and suspending Chinese tourist travel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Now, by seizing control over water\u2014a resource vital to millions of lives and livelihoods\u2014China can hold another country hostage without firing a single shot. In a water-stressed Asia, taming China\u2019s hegemonic ambition is now the biggest strategic challenge.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>China has long regarded fresh water as a strategic weapon\u2014one that the country\u2019s leaders have no compunction about wielding to advance their foreign-policy goals. After years of using its chokehold on almost every major transnational &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":482,"featured_media":34760,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[1841,52,2045,282],"class_list":["post-34758","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general","tag-central-asia","tag-china","tag-hydro-hegemony","tag-water"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A new front in Asia\u2019s water war | The Strategist<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/a-new-front-in-asias-water-war\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A new front in Asia\u2019s water war | The Strategist\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"China has long regarded fresh water as a strategic weapon\u2014one that the country\u2019s leaders have no compunction about wielding to advance their foreign-policy goals. 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