{"id":44430,"date":"2018-12-12T14:29:56","date_gmt":"2018-12-12T03:29:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/?p=44430"},"modified":"2018-12-12T14:30:00","modified_gmt":"2018-12-12T03:30:00","slug":"chinese-evacuations-and-power-projection-part-1-overseas-citizen-protection","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/chinese-evacuations-and-power-projection-part-1-overseas-citizen-protection\/","title":{"rendered":"Chinese evacuations and power projection (part 1): overseas citizen protection"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/1212chinaship.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-44434\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/1212chinaship.jpg 650w, https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/1212chinaship-205x155.jpg 205w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>As China\u2019s national and international economic interests have steadily grown, so has the People\u2019s Liberation Army\u2019s ability to protect them. China\u2019s expanding, social-media-savvy middle class now expects the military to protect the country\u2019s citizens overseas. That expectation has been reinforced formally by the<a href=\"https:\/\/jamestown.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/07\/China%E2%80%99s-Military-Strategy-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"As China\u2019s national and international economic interests have steadily grown, so has the People\u2019s Liberation Army\u2019s ability to protect them. China\u2019s expanding, social-media-savvy middle class now expects the military to protect the country\u2019s citizens overseas. That expectation has been reinforced formally by the strategic direction for the PLA to \u2018protect the security of strategic SLOCs [sea lines of communication] and overseas interests\u2019. (opens in a new tab)\"> strategic direction<\/a> for the PLA to \u2018protect the security of strategic SLOCs [sea lines of communication] and overseas interests\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From a Chinese perspective, the increasing number of Chinese citizens living, working and travelling abroad has imposed an obligation on the state to protect them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Chinese leadership used to assume that, in most cases, other foreign powers would evacuate Chinese citizens along with their own from situations of unrest abroad. But things have changed over the past decade, and Beijing has introduced new policies and capabilities that have in turn generated new expectations among the Chinese population. More recently, President Xi Jinping\u2019s Belt and Road Initiative has generated a further imperative to provide security abroad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China\u2019s approach to overseas citizen protection can be explained as the response of a rising power to the need to protect its people and interests overseas as its influence expands and its capability develops, acting as a responsible global power. Alternatively, the policy could be seen as a justification for the projection of power to underwrite China\u2019s growing competitive stake in world affairs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s important to note that Beijing uses the term \u2018<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"It\u2019s important to note that Beijing uses the term \u2018overseas Chinese\u2019 to describe \u2018Chinese citizens residing abroad and foreign citizens of Chinese descent\u2019. That includes Han Chinese and any of the other ethnic groups from China, as well as people in other countries whose families haven\u2019t been citizens of China for several generations. For example, 1.2 million Australian citizens identified themselves as having Chinese ancestry in the 2016 census, and only 41% of them were born in China. The use of \u2018overseas Chinese\u2019 as an official term, particularly in relation to China\u2019s obligations to protect, clearly raises questions of sovereignty. (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/0097700411424565\" target=\"_blank\">overseas Chinese<\/a>\u2019 to describe \u2018Chinese citizens residing abroad and foreign citizens of Chinese descent\u2019. That includes Han Chinese and any of the other ethnic groups from China, as well as people in other countries whose families haven\u2019t been citizens of China for several generations. For example, 1.2 million Australian citizens identified themselves as having Chinese ancestry in the<a href=\"http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/mediareleasesbytitle\/D8CAE4F74B82D446CA258235000F2BDE?\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"It\u2019s important to note that Beijing uses the term \u2018overseas Chinese\u2019 to describe \u2018Chinese citizens residing abroad and foreign citizens of Chinese descent\u2019. That includes Han Chinese and any of the other ethnic groups from China, as well as people in other countries whose families haven\u2019t been citizens of China for several generations. For example, 1.2 million Australian citizens identified themselves as having Chinese ancestry in the 2016 census, and only 41% of them were born in China. The use of \u2018overseas Chinese\u2019 as an official term, particularly in relation to China\u2019s obligations to protect, clearly raises questions of sovereignty. (opens in a new tab)\"> 2016 census<\/a>, and only 41% of them were born in China. The use of \u2018overseas Chinese\u2019 as an official term, particularly in relation to China\u2019s obligations to protect, clearly raises questions of sovereignty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>China\u2019s 1982 constitution expresses the state\u2019s intention to protect its people and interests abroad. But the Chinese Communist Party didn\u2019t have the capacity to enforce its policy of \u2018overseas citizen protection\u2019 (\u6d77\u5916\u516c\u6c11\u4fdd\u62a4) until recently. The catalyst for change occurred in 2004 when 14 Chinese workers were killed in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The domestic uproar<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/10670564.2014.898900\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"China\u2019s 1982 constitution expresses the state\u2019s intention to protect its people and interests abroad. But the Chinese Communist Party didn\u2019t have the capacity to enforce its policy of \u2018overseas citizen protection\u2019 (\u6d77\u5916\u516c\u6c11\u4fdd\u62a4) until recently. The catalyst for change occurred in 2004 when 14 Chinese workers were killed in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The domestic uproar compelled the CCP to acknowledge that large numbers of Chinese were living in high-risk environments overseas. (opens in a new tab)\"> compelled<\/a> the CCP to acknowledge that large numbers of Chinese were living in high-risk environments overseas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sipri.org\/sites\/default\/files\/files\/PP\/SIPRIPP41.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"As a study by the Stockholm Peace Research Institute reveals, China conducted small-scale non-military operations to extract citizens in times of crisis or disaster from Solomon Islands, East Timor, Tonga and Lebanon in 2006, Chad and Thailand in 2008, and Haiti and Kyrgyzstan in 2010. Before that, the only evacuations of note had been from Indonesia in the mid-1960s and Kuwait in 1990. (opens in a new tab)\"> study<\/a> by the Stockholm Peace Research Institute reveals, China conducted small-scale non-military operations to extract citizens in times of crisis or disaster from Solomon Islands, East Timor, Tonga and Lebanon in 2006, Chad and Thailand in 2008, and Haiti and Kyrgyzstan in 2010. Before that, the only evacuations of note had been from Indonesia in the mid-1960s and Kuwait in 1990.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2011 came the largest Chinese evacuations to date. During the Arab Spring uprisings, China repatriated 1,800 citizens from Egypt, 2,000 from Syria and 35,860 from Libya, along with 9,000 from Japan after the Tohoku earthquake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"The evacuation from Libya was the first to significantly involve the PLA, mainly in a coordination role. The operation took 12 days and involved 74 civilian aircraft, 14 ships, and around 100 buses. (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/10670564.2014.898900\" target=\"_blank\"> evacuation from Libya<\/a> was the first to significantly involve the PLA, mainly in a coordination role. The operation took 12 days and involved<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/10670564.2014.898900\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"The evacuation from Libya was the first to significantly involve the PLA, mainly in a coordination role. The operation took 12 days and involved 74 civilian aircraft, 14 ships, and around 100 buses. (opens in a new tab)\"> 74 civilian aircraft, 14 ships, and around 100 buses<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After that experience, China\u2019s military purchased more airlift and amphibious capability for situations in which civilian charters wouldn\u2019t be available, such as in remote locations or high-threat environments. While that equipment can be required for evacuation operations, it is also fundamental to force projection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The<a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2015\/04\/china-evacuates-foreign-nationals-from-yemen\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"The evacuation from Yemen in 2015, carried out exclusively by the military, was the first time the Chinese navy evacuated citizens of other countries as well. Between 30 March and 2 April, the naval command diverted a flotilla of three PLA Navy vessels from a counter-piracy mission in the Gulf of Aden to the port of Aden. (opens in a new tab)\"> evacuation from Yemen in 2015<\/a>, carried out exclusively by the military, was the first time the Chinese navy evacuated citizens of other countries as well. Between 30 March and 2 April, the naval command diverted a flotilla of three PLA Navy vessels from a counter-piracy mission in the Gulf of Aden to the port of Aden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"They evacuated 629 Chinese nationals and 279 citizens from 15 other countries (including Germany, India and the UK) to Djibouti. Chinese observers viewed the operation as a successful demonstration of the navy\u2019s new rapid-reaction capabilities, developed through missions in the Gulf of Aden and off the Somali coast. (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2015-04\/04\/c_134124700.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> evacuated<\/a> 629 Chinese nationals and 279 citizens from 15 other countries (including Germany, India and the UK) to Djibouti. Chinese observers viewed<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bjreview.com.cn\/world\/txt\/2015-04\/20\/content_684109.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"They evacuated 629 Chinese nationals and 279 citizens from 15 other countries (including Germany, India and the UK) to Djibouti. Chinese observers viewed the operation as a successful demonstration of the navy\u2019s new rapid-reaction capabilities, developed through missions in the Gulf of Aden and off the Somali coast. (opens in a new tab)\"> the operation<\/a> as a successful demonstration of the navy\u2019s new rapid-reaction capabilities, developed through missions in the Gulf of Aden and off the Somali coast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beijing continues to face a rising expectation to protect its people overseas, as shown by the public reaction to the killing of Chinese citizens by militants in Syria,<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Beijing continues to face a rising expectation to protect its people overseas, as shown by the public reaction to the killing of Chinese citizens by militants in Syria, Mali and Pakistan. Other evacuations have included the extraction of Chinese workers from Samarra in Iraq in 2014, Chinese embassy and medical staff from Sudan (after two Chinese peacekeepers were killed) in 2016, and Chinese citizens from Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda in the Caribbean after a hurricane. Last year, China evacuated more than 2,700 tourists from Bali after a volcanic eruption. (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/china-to-build-naval-logistics-facility-in-djibouti-1448557719\" target=\"_blank\"> Mali<\/a> and<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Beijing continues to face a rising expectation to protect its people overseas, as shown by the public reaction to the killing of Chinese citizens by militants in Syria, Mali and Pakistan. Other evacuations have included the extraction of Chinese workers from Samarra in Iraq in 2014, Chinese embassy and medical staff from Sudan (after two Chinese peacekeepers were killed) in 2016, and Chinese citizens from Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda in the Caribbean after a hurricane. Last year, China evacuated more than 2,700 tourists from Bali after a volcanic eruption. (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/worldNews\/idAFKBN1920KI\" target=\"_blank\"> Pakistan<\/a>. Other evacuations<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecns.cn\/2018\/03-08\/295079.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Beijing continues to face a rising expectation to protect its people overseas, as shown by the public reaction to the killing of Chinese citizens by militants in Syria, Mali and Pakistan. Other evacuations have included the extraction of Chinese workers from Samarra in Iraq in 2014, Chinese embassy and medical staff from Sudan (after two Chinese peacekeepers were killed) in 2016, and Chinese citizens from Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda in the Caribbean after a hurricane. Last year, China evacuated more than 2,700 tourists from Bali after a volcanic eruption. (opens in a new tab)\"> have included<\/a> the extraction of Chinese workers from Samarra in Iraq in 2014, Chinese embassy and medical staff from Sudan (after two Chinese peacekeepers were killed) in 2016, and Chinese citizens from Dominica, Antigua and Barbuda in the Caribbean after a hurricane. Last year, China evacuated more than 2,700 tourists from Bali after a volcanic eruption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Central Military Commission decided in 2018 to<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"The Central Military Commission decided in 2018 to expand the PLA Marine Corps from 20,000 to 100,000, with some units to be stationed overseas. One source claims 10,000 of these marines will be based at China\u2019s first declared overseas military base, in the port of Obock in Djibouti, and more are likely to be based at Gwadar in Pakistan. They will protect Chinese oil imports from the Middle East at strategic nodes along the \u2018belt and road\u2019. (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/diplomacy-defence\/article\/2078245\/overseas-ambitions-expand-china-plans-400pc-increase\" target=\"_blank\"> expand<\/a> the PLA Marine Corps from 20,000 to 100,000, with some units to be stationed overseas. One source<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"The Central Military Commission decided in 2018 to expand the PLA Marine Corps from 20,000 to 100,000, with some units to be stationed overseas. One source claims 10,000 of these marines will be based at China\u2019s first declared overseas military base, in the port of Obock in Djibouti, and more are likely to be based at Gwadar in Pakistan. They will protect Chinese oil imports from the Middle East at strategic nodes along the \u2018belt and road\u2019. (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/china-to-build-naval-logistics-facility-in-djibouti-1448557719\" target=\"_blank\"> claims<\/a> 10,000 of these marines will be based at China\u2019s first declared overseas military base, in the port of Obock in Djibouti, and more are<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/diplomacy-defence\/article\/2078245\/overseas-ambitions-expand-china-plans-400pc-increase\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"The Central Military Commission decided in 2018 to expand the PLA Marine Corps from 20,000 to 100,000, with some units to be stationed overseas. One source claims 10,000 of these marines will be based at China\u2019s first declared overseas military base, in the port of Obock in Djibouti, and more are likely to be based at Gwadar in Pakistan. They will protect Chinese oil imports from the Middle East at strategic nodes along the \u2018belt and road\u2019. (opens in a new tab)\"> likely<\/a> to be based at Gwadar in Pakistan. They will protect Chinese oil imports from the Middle East at strategic nodes along the \u2018belt and road\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The new marines and bases are part of China\u2019s strategy of \u2018<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"The new marines and bases are part of China\u2019s strategy of \u2018far seas protection\u2019 (\u8fdc\u6d77\u62a4\u536b), which requires the navy to safeguard overseas interests, including resources, strategic sea lanes, overseas citizens, investments and commercial entities. It has led to the development of a blue-water navy capable of operating globally with aircraft carriers and amphibious capabilities. (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"http:\/\/eng.mod.gov.cn\/Press\/2015-05\/26\/content_4586805.htm\" target=\"_blank\">far seas protection<\/a>\u2019 (\u8fdc\u6d77\u62a4\u536b), which requires the navy to safeguard overseas interests, including resources, strategic sea lanes, overseas citizens, investments and commercial entities. It has led to the development of a blue-water navy capable of<a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/diplomacy-defence\/article\/2078245\/overseas-ambitions-expand-china-plans-400pc-increase\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"The new marines and bases are part of China\u2019s strategy of \u2018far seas protection\u2019 (\u8fdc\u6d77\u62a4\u536b), which requires the navy to safeguard overseas interests, including resources, strategic sea lanes, overseas citizens, investments and commercial entities. It has led to the development of a blue-water navy capable of operating globally with aircraft carriers and amphibious capabilities. (opens in a new tab)\"> operating globally<\/a> with aircraft carriers and amphibious capabilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As the PLA\u2019s capability to project force and protect Chinese citizens overseas continues to grow, so does the CCP\u2019s readiness to implement the policy of overseas citizen protection, and the Chinese people\u2019s expectation that it will do so.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As China\u2019s global influence expands, unexpected friction could arise when the policy of overseas citizen protection is applied to situations outside China\u2019s traditional core interests. Such actions are at odds with Beijing\u2019s frequently enunciated foreign policy principle of \u2018non-interference\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One hypothetical example would be a recurrence of the anti-Chinese riots experienced in Tonga and Solomon Islands in 2006 and Papua New Guinea in 2009. Significant numbers of Chinese citizens could be at risk in Melanesia, where traditional partners (such as Australia, New Zealand and the United States) expect to provide the forces for evacuation and, if necessary, stabilisation operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Without adequate preparation, clear communication and shared understanding, an evacuation operation by the PLA in the South Pacific could lead to unintended consequences, raising questions of sovereignty, citizenship and jurisdiction. Such a development could be disadvantageous to the host nation, its traditional partners and China. This concept has been<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/10357718.2016.1194805\"> described<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/accidental-friction-belt-road\/\"> elsewhere<\/a> as \u2018accidental friction\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>In part 2, I will explore recent trends in Chinese filmmaking that aim to generate patriotic pride in domestic audiences, while also attempting to normalise the perception of Chinese power projection within the international community.<\/em><br><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>As China\u2019s national and international economic interests have steadily grown, so has the People\u2019s Liberation Army\u2019s ability to protect them. China\u2019s expanding, social-media-savvy middle class now expects the military to protect the country\u2019s citizens overseas. &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":652,"featured_media":44434,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[52,1248,772,204],"class_list":["post-44430","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general","tag-china","tag-chinese-foreign-policy","tag-geopolitics","tag-xi-jinping"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Chinese evacuations and power projection (part 1): overseas citizen protection | The Strategist<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/chinese-evacuations-and-power-projection-part-1-overseas-citizen-protection\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chinese evacuations and power projection (part 1): overseas citizen protection | The Strategist\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"As China\u2019s national and international economic interests have steadily grown, so has the People\u2019s Liberation Army\u2019s ability to protect them. 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