{"id":72475,"date":"2022-05-10T06:00:23","date_gmt":"2022-05-09T20:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/?p=72475"},"modified":"2023-02-15T13:39:56","modified_gmt":"2023-02-15T02:39:56","slug":"australia-considering-next-generation-us-and-uk-designs-for-nuclear-submarines","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/australia-considering-next-generation-us-and-uk-designs-for-nuclear-submarines\/","title":{"rendered":"Australia considering next-generation US and UK designs for nuclear submarines"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/figure>\n

Australia is involved in complex negotiations to ensure that its plan to acquire eight nuclear-powered submarines doesn\u2019t weaken the international non-proliferation regime.<\/p>\n

The chief of the Royal Australian Navy\u2019s nuclear-powered submarine taskforce, Vice Admiral Jonathan Mead, tells The Strategist<\/em> talks are underway with the International Atomic Energy Agency to ensure the project embraces such high safety standards that it sets a rigorous new benchmark under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation Nuclear Weapons, or NPT.<\/p>\n

The submarines are to be built in Australia under the AUKUS arrangement with the United States and United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

Australia is yet to choose a US or UK submarine, but reactors on both use highly enriched, or \u2018weapons grade\u2019, nuclear fuel that does not need to be replaced for the boat\u2019s 30-year life. There\u2019s concern that the use of this fuel could wreck the global non-proliferation machinery by opening the way for other nations to obtain it as a step towards manufacturing nuclear weapons.<\/p>\n

\u2018Absolutely not,\u2019 says Mead. \u2018We want to strengthen the safeguard mechanisms to ensure the NPT is rock solid. We will set such a high standard that it will be extremely difficult for others to follow. We need the total commitment and support of the IAEA, and we\u2019re having excellent discussions with it.<\/p>\n

\u2018Our non-proliferation experts and international law experts work hand-in-glove with US and UK people, and then with the IAEA, to ensure they\u2019re confident Australia will be a responsible steward of nuclear technology and materials.\u2019<\/p>\n

To complete a defence project on this massive scale, says Mead, Australia must build \u2018a nuclear mindset\u2019.<\/p>\n

\u2018We need to look at our workforce, our industrial base, our safeguards and procedures, where we will train our people. The US and UK will have the highest of expectations in that, as they should and as should our own public.\u2019<\/p>\n

Mead is aiming for the RAN to have its first submarine by the end of the next decade, but says he\u2019s \u2018seized by the strategic need to drag that date left as much as is safely possible\u2019.<\/p>\n

\u2018Given the deteriorating strategic situation, our assessment is that nuclear-powered submarines will remain a most formidable capability for decades. They provide significantly superior stealth, speed, firepower, survivability, manoeuvrability and endurance.\u2019 These submarines will also carry uncrewed underwater systems that might land special forces or clear a minefield, and aerial systems.<\/p>\n

He notes that an interim submarine capability is likely to include Australians co-crewing with American and British submariners, and other more advanced options.<\/p>\n

Those options will not include another conventional submarine.<\/p>\n

However, The Strategist<\/em> understands that the navy may be offered a nuclear-powered boat to use through the 2030s\u2014once Australia\u2019s nuclear stewardship has been certified.<\/p>\n

Mead says it\u2019s too soon to say whether Australia will end up with US Virginia-class or British Astute-class vessels, but he concedes that new versions, the American SSNX and the British SSNR, will be in the mix.<\/p>\n

\u2018We are doing deep-level analysis of all these options\u2014maturity of the design, when are they going to start building it, what\u2019s its affordability, how we\u2019d do it\u2014to present by the first quarter of 2023 an optimal path to the three governments. We then begin to deliver the submarine.\u2019<\/p>\n

\u2018To train personnel\u2019, Mead says, \u2018we could embed sailors and officers in a US or UK boat to the point where we may have a 50% UK or US crew and a 50% Australian crew.\u2019 When the first submarine is launched in South Australia, the goal is to have the crew trained, the industrial base ready to maintain it and the regulatory system set up. \u2018We have exchange officers on board our submarines and ships all the time.\u2019<\/p>\n

Mead visited UK and US training schools to check out their systems. Many crew members undertake reactor training and learn the fundamentals of nuclear physics, but they\u2019re not nuclear physicists. \u2018They\u2019ve been given a six-month course, and then they go to sea and become competent and current on their tradecraft at sea in a submarine,\u2019 he says.<\/p>\n

\u2018So we need to set up a system supported by the US and UK to provide our people with reactor training. If you\u2019re the engineer, you may be a nuclear physicist. If you\u2019re working at the front end of the boat, you require some knowledge of the reactor in case there\u2019s an emergency, but not to the same level.<\/p>\n

\u2018The commanding officer will require a very deep level. We are mapping out every person on the submarine and what type of nuclear training they require and how we deliver that.\u2019<\/p>\n

Succeeding in the submarine enterprise will take a major national effort, says Mead.<\/p>\n

The decline in the number of science, technology, engineering and mathematics, or STEM, students in schools and universities will have to be arrested. The Australian Defence Force needs to attract individuals who see nuclear-propelled submarines as state of the art, as exciting, as something they want to work in for many years.<\/p>\n

\u2018The challenge will be to make this an attractive workplace for people to leave school, undertake deep theoretical training, then have hands-on experience with the world\u2019s most advanced technologies, and stay in that program, as a civilian or in uniform,\u2019 he says.<\/p>\n

\u2018That will be the key to success. We need to harness Australia\u2019s youth now so that they see a very clear and satisfying career path in the submarine program. I want to develop my own sovereign and independent system where I have someone at school right now. She could be 15 and wondering what to do. I tell her I want her to command submarine number one in 15 years. \u201cYou\u2019ll need to do some STEM subjects and you\u2019ll join our program and I\u2019ll send you overseas. I\u2019m going to send you to MIT, potentially, and then on a UK boat, then bring you back to Australia.\u201d Or, \u201cI want to prepare you to be a manager in the shipyard, an engineer or a naval architect looking after the reactor\u2014or part of the regulatory system.\u201d\u2019<\/p>\n

Mead needs thousands of specially trained people in the industrial base, navy workforce, broader ADF and crew from the sharp end of the submarine and the reactor through to safety regulation and monitoring and environmental protection and, \u2018if we have a defect, an Australian company that\u2019s nuclear certified and able to provide parts\u2019.<\/p>\n

He\u2019s talking to universities that are developing courses ranging from doctoral and research degrees in nuclear physics down to graduate certificates or introductory courses on reactors.<\/p>\n

His taskforce already numbers 226 specialists in areas ranging from engineering to international law and nuclear proliferation. Many have already been on global research trips. \u2018I have people embedded from the Attorney-General\u2019s Department and legal experts from the Solicitor-General, legal people from the navy and from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, and we bring in other experts when needed.\u2019<\/p>\n

The team will grow as required by the three nations. \u2018When we start building the submarine, we\u2019ll have a huge workforce in the yard, building and overseeing and regulating.\u2019<\/p>\n

So, where are these experts coming from?<\/p>\n

\u2018We\u2019ve been overwhelmed with individuals and companies seeking to help,\u2019 Mead says. That includes people living in Australia or abroad who have served on British or US nuclear-powered submarines or who\u2019ve worked in the industry or on the regulatory side. Many are advising the taskforce.<\/p>\n

Mead is looking for the best and brightest in Australia, but the team is searching internationally as well. \u2018I get emails every day from people saying, \u201cHey. You don\u2019t know me, but this is my background and if I can assist, please let me know.\u201d\u2019<\/p>\n

To assess whether Australia could build these submarines without a civil nuclear industry, Defence sought advice from the US and UK. Because the reactors don\u2019t need to be refuelled and come as a sealed unit, the strong advice was that a civil industry was not required to build and operate the submarines. Mead has sought advice from nuclear physicists and technicians at the Lucas Heights reactor near Sydney. \u2018They\u2019ve been dealing with nuclear waste for many years, so we talk to them as we look at our own solutions for nuclear waste.<\/p>\n

\u2018We\u2019re continually embedding people in the US and UK training organisations and their workforces and seeing what they\u2019re doing in shipyards, talking to their legal people, embedding with the State Department.\u2019 They\u2019ve looked at the vendors\u2019 industrial base to understand how they execute nuclear stewardship, and they\u2019ve gone aboard submarines to get a better sense of what\u2019s required to run them and to maintain a reactor. A security specialist spent time with the US Naval Criminal Investigative Service.<\/p>\n

US and British delegations visited South Australia to examine a Collins-class submarine in deep maintenance, and Mead will take a big team to UK shipyards soon to map out a pathway to Australia\u2019s new submarines.<\/p>\n

\u2018I wake up every morning thinking I\u2019ve got to find that optimal pathway, not just to the submarine itself, but what is the optimal workforce?\u2019 says Mead. \u2018What\u2019s the best way to train these people over 20 years? How do we set Australian industry up for success? What are the best non-proliferation processes and policies we can put in place with the IAEA? What\u2019s the best stewardship to protect our people, the community and the environment? What are the best legal instruments we can develop that allow us to do this effectively and efficiently? How we will develop a sovereign capability.\u2019<\/p>\n

The plan for that whole system must be provided to the three governments early next year so that the decision on the choice of submarine can be made. Then the process to build begins.<\/p>\n

In the US and UK, Mead says he\u2019s sensed an unwavering commitment from everyone he\u2019s talked to, civil and military.<\/p>\n

\u2018They see great strategic benefit in what we\u2019re doing. But they also appreciate that this will be an extremely challenging national and international endeavour and they give us very frank advice on the enormity of the task ahead. Not for one moment am I getting misty-eyed about that task.\u2019<\/p>\n

Mead insists there\u2019ll be no design changes in the new submarine once it\u2019s chosen. \u2018Weapons systems may go from one country into another country\u2019s submarine. That\u2019s part of this trilateral contribution. Once that\u2019s done, though, there\u2019ll be no unique Australian design changes.\u2019<\/p>\n

He says the boats must be built in Australia to ensure Australia has a sovereign capability. That will make it much easier to sustain them here. \u2018A builder may not be the sustainer, but decades of experience building submarines gives you a unique insight in how you sustain them.\u2019<\/p>\n

Could Australia then become a sustainment hub for US and UK submarines? Absolutely, says Mead. A US nuclear submarine visited Western Australia recently and a British Astute-class boat came last year.<\/p>\n

\u2018Government has asked us to look at developing maintenance facilities in some of our ports. Over time, we can become a strategic sustainment hub for US Indo-Pacific Command or for the UK Ministry of Defence.\u2019<\/p>\n

That could start with sustaining the \u2018front\u2019 of the boat, Mead says. \u2018As we develop our nuclear knowledge, we can look at facilities to work on the back of the boat as well. That may see Australia very much a partner with the US and UK in their submarine force posture.\u2019<\/p>\n

The situation in Ukraine shows how uncertain large regions of the world are, he says. \u2018You need deterrents that can meet the future strategic need.\u2019<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Australia is involved in complex negotiations to ensure that its plan to acquire eight nuclear-powered submarines doesn\u2019t weaken the international non-proliferation regime. 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