{"id":83378,"date":"2023-11-07T06:00:02","date_gmt":"2023-11-06T19:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/?p=83378"},"modified":"2023-11-06T18:30:14","modified_gmt":"2023-11-06T07:30:14","slug":"access-to-the-sea-is-an-existential-issue-says-ran-chief","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/access-to-the-sea-is-an-existential-issue-says-ran-chief\/","title":{"rendered":"Access to the sea is an existential issue, says RAN chief"},"content":{"rendered":"
<\/figure>\n

A year after being appointed chief of the Royal Australian Navy, Vice Admiral Mark Hammond admits to frustration when he\u2019s asked why Australia needs a potent navy.<\/p>\n

\u2018I wish that we were in a different intellectual space as a nation,\u2019 Hammond says.<\/p>\n

\u2018We\u2019re a three-ocean island trading nation. We owe our economic prosperity to the sea. We\u2019re custodians of the planet\u2019s third largest exclusive economic zone. We have an annual import\u2013export trade of about $900 billion per year that comes and goes by sea.\u2019<\/p>\n

All of that, says Hammond, relies on peaceful transit dependent on acceptance of and adherence to a rules-based order underpinning maritime trade and many other activities.<\/p>\n

\u2018And most of the rest of our prosperity is derived from connectivity to the international financial system enabled by seabed cables, not by satellites. We have an absolute economic dependence upon the sea. We import nearly 80% of our liquid fuel with very low strategic reserves and limited refinery capability. Access to the sea is an existential issue.\u2019<\/p>\n

In a peaceful world it could be argued that trade will remain unmolested and prosperity will be assured by the international community behaving as predicted. But Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine demonstrated violently that stability is not guaranteed.<\/p>\n

\u2018We\u2019ve seen a breakdown of diplomacy and deterrence and a disregard for international law,\u2019 Hammond says.<\/p>\n

\u2018If we cannot assume access to the sea, I firmly believe we should take steps to assure it. That means a very strong maritime capability, and in my lane, a very strong navy.\u2019<\/p>\n

At the age of 18, Hammond started his career as an electronics technician. He was appointed chief of navy in July 2022 shortly after the new government was elected in an increasingly difficult strategic environment. Since then, the defence strategic review (DSR) has handed down its recommendations, the surface fleet analysis is underway, the pathway to nuclear-powered submarines (SSNs) has been developed under the AUKUS agreement, and plans are in train to secure the workforce needed to make it all happen.<\/p>\n

His strategic narrative focuses on diplomacy, deterrence and defence, codifying the RAN\u2019s key missions under Defence\u2019s \u2018shape, deter, respond\u2019 framework.<\/p>\n

\u2018Our nation believes in solving problems through diplomacy,\u2019 says Hammond. \u2018We\u2019re in a very challenging environment where some commentators say the risk of conflict is at its highest since World War II. We\u2019re a peace-loving nation that would prefer to invest in diplomacy and deterrence and partnerships to avoid conflict in the first place. The navy exists to defend the nation.\u2019<\/p>\n

He says Australia\u2019s interests and security can be advanced through naval diplomacy.<\/p>\n

\u2018It\u2019s an age-old responsibility and role of navies, and one that I think we\u2019re particularly good at. Our nation has good convening power. Our navy is welcome in international ports, and we have extensive relationships across the Indo-Pacific and the globe which we develop and nurture,\u2019 he says.<\/p>\n

\u2018Those friendships should be leveraged to advance our diplomatic goals, and the Australian Defence Force\u2019s deterrent effect. We\u2019re a small force. There are many larger navies in the region and, where our interests and our values converge, we find many opportunities to work together.\u2019<\/p>\n

Most regional countries are island trading nations with histories and futures linked to the sea.<\/p>\n

\u2018The navy leadership in the region recognises that,\u2019 says Hammond. \u2018Anything that changes the interpretation, for example, of coastal nations\u2019 sovereign rights in their lawful exclusive economic zones has serious implications for a nation like ours.\u2019<\/p>\n

That starts with supporting the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade\u2019s mission: \u2018On a port visit we offer a service to the head of mission to advance Australia\u2019s national objectives and interests.\u2019<\/p>\n

Hammond says naval movements are nested within an international engagement strategy.<\/p>\n

\u2018A small navy can\u2019t be everywhere, so it\u2019s important to prioritise visits, exercises, activities and operations that offer the best benefit to our government and people, and to our allies and partners,\u2019 he says.<\/p>\n

This includes partnering with nations where it\u2019s important to them.<\/p>\n

\u2018You\u2019ve seen conversations around the Australian government\u2019s engagement with the Philippines, for example. That has implications for navy deployment,\u2019 Hammond says.<\/p>\n

\u2018If you want to influence global conversations around the rules-based order, you\u2019d better be present where it\u2019s being discussed most acutely. In our case that means being present in the region, particularly in the South China Sea.<\/p>\n

\u2018It also means being present where it matters to our southwest Pacific neighbours, helping them with fisheries surveillance and counter-drug operations, helping them grow their nascent maritime capabilities into something more robust so that they can enforce their sovereign claims and their EEZs to advance prosperity.\u2019<\/p>\n

Hammond says that also means sending visible signals about partnership, hence two Australian submarine visits to Indonesia in the past 12 months. An Australian Collins-class submarine and an Indonesian submarine have just sailed and exercised together for the first time.<\/p>\n

<\/figure>\n

Pictured (left to right): Jodi Hammond, Chief of Navy Vice Admiral Mark Hammond, Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Navy Admiral Muhammad Ali and Fera Djuara Matondang unveil a plaque during a tree dedication ceremony at the National Arboretum in Canberra, 1 September 2023. Image: Department of Defence<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u2018We\u2019ve also recently hosted the first visit by an Indian submarine. Deploying a submarine is a strategic decision, so when India chooses to send a submarine to Australia, it sends a serious and unprecedented message.\u2019 The US commissioning a new warship, USS Canberra<\/em>, in Australia symbolises the strength of the relationship between the two navies.<\/p>\n

Defending Australia\u2019s access to the sea depends on what it\u2019s protected from and who we\u2019re protecting it with, says Hammond.<\/p>\n

\u2018That\u2019s why we need an intellectual design around the integrated force that the DSR opines to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of what we are doing, and a force focused on the areas that absolutely matter to our economic wellbeing and security.<\/p>\n

\u2018We need to be clear that in the context of great-power competition we are not the central player \u2013 we\u2019re one of the affected communities in the Indo-Pacific and we\u2019re not seeking to stand alone. We\u2019re part of an international community bound together by shared interests, shared values. We\u2019re looking to leverage those aspects of diplomacy, partnerships and alliances to strengthen regional stability and our ability to protect our national interest.\u2019<\/p>\n

Hammond is a very experienced submariner well placed to oversee the introduction of SSNs. He has served on Australian boats going back to the Oberons, commanded a Collins-class submarine, and served on American, British and French nuclear submarines. He graduated from the US command course in 2003 and spent five months on Netherlands Walrus-class submarines. That included exercises with Royal Navy SSNs, some in Scottish lochs.<\/p>\n

He says much has been done already to make the force more lethal and that\u2019s accelerating after the DSR with the acquisition of sea mines, Tomahawk land strike missiles and naval strike missiles.<\/p>\n

SSNs will bring a high-end ability to rapidly project power from the sea, he says. \u2018Anyone seeking to do us harm would need to contend with that reality. As the government says, that puts a real question mark in an adversary\u2019s mind.\u2019 As well, submarines are very expensive for an adversary to counter.<\/p>\n

Hammond doesn\u2019t buy the theory that by the time Australia\u2019s SSNs are operational, technological advances will have rendered the oceans transparent and submarines won\u2019t survive. He\u2019s been hearing it since he started on submarines as a lieutenant and says the claim is yet to be backed up by significant technological change.<\/p>\n

With an oceanography degree, Hammond understands the opacity of the marine environment: \u2018Variations in temperature, pressure with depth, and salinity complicate the movement of sound and light and we still principally rely on exploitation of sound and light through water to detect submarines.\u2019<\/p>\n

Submarines are quieter than ever, their sonars hear at greater ranges, nuclear-power technology is more advanced, and torpedos and submarine missile systems are more advanced.<\/p>\n

There\u2019s a contest between detection and counter-detection, between range advantage derived from acoustic advantage principally for submarines, and new detection theories some involving space-based capability and some involving quantum technology, he says.<\/p>\n

\u2018The above-water environment is completely transparent, but nobody stopped building fighter aircraft, surface ships or missile systems,\u2019 Hammond says.<\/p>\n

The contest continues with stealth aircraft and ships trying to be more submarine-like in terms of their signature.<\/p>\n

Hammond says the deterrent value of SSNs was demonstrated in the Falklands when a World War II torpedo from a Cold War submarine put the Argentine navy in port for the rest of the war: \u2018Nobody wants to be sailing around in a surface ship when there\u2019s a hostile submarine there.\u2019<\/p>\n

Since 1999, Australian submariners have taken part in the US submarine command course and in joint exercises. Many Australian commanding officers have \u2018driven\u2019 a nuclear fast-attack submarine. Over 100 US commanders have driven Australian submarines, often firing dummy torpedoes against US SSNs. Safety mechanisms prevent impact and the torpedoes are recovered and data analysed.<\/p>\n

Hammond says it\u2019s very different fighting a conventional submarine aggressively at 2 knots as the Australians practise, and driving an SSN aggressively at 20-odd knots. \u2018Understanding how each other operates enhances the lethal potential of both submarine communities,\u2019 he says.<\/p>\n

Australia\u2019s conventionally powered submarines cruise near the surface regularly, running their diesel engines via a snorkel to recharge the batteries of their electric motors. On the question of why the RAN shouldn\u2019t continue to operate long-range conventionally powered submarines into the future, Hammond recalls that the Oberons, which Australia operated from the late 1960s to the 1990s, could cover thousands of nautical miles on the surface relatively undetected to get to areas far from home. By the time the Collins class replaced the Oberons, the advent of satellite technology and long-range radar meant the days of surface transits lasting weeks were over.<\/p>\n

\u2018When I cast my eye to the 2030s and 2040s and beyond, I see a convergence of artificial intelligence, quantum computing and new above-water detection capability that\u2019s going to render periscope operations more complex, more challenging and more lethal than ever,\u2019 he says.<\/p>\n

\u2018For the safety and the security of the next generation of Australians who will serve in the submarine force, I\u2019m all in on trying to decouple them from that high-risk environment at periscope depth. That\u2019s what nuclear propulsion allows you to do.<\/p>\n

\u2018We\u2019re not changing the nature of our operations. We are changing the propulsion system which enables those operations because it leads to a greater likelihood of mission success and a safer and more secure environment in a warfighting context than what we will be able to derive from a long-range conventional submarine.<\/p>\n

\u2018With that you get all the benefits of extended endurance and extended range. You get more days at sea out of a nuclear submarine than you do out of a conventionally powered submarine. You get from A to B more quickly.\u2019<\/p>\n

It takes a Collins submarine 23 days to get from Sydney to the US base at Pearl Harbor. That\u2019s after a 10-day trip from Perth to Sydney. \u2018You\u2019ve already put a month of wear and tear and 10,000-plus miles on your platform. And then you roll into an exercise which goes for four weeks.\u2019<\/p>\n

That\u2019s followed by an extensive maintenance session before the submarine sails home or continues its operation. By comparison, an SSN can get from Sydney to Pearl Harbor in seven days.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A year after being appointed chief of the Royal Australian Navy, Vice Admiral Mark Hammond admits to frustration when he\u2019s asked why Australia needs a potent navy. \u2018I wish that we were in a different …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":587,"featured_media":83384,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[44,197,2792,457,114,142,223],"class_list":["post-83378","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general","tag-australian-defence-force","tag-defence-diplomacy","tag-naval-power","tag-nuclear-submarines","tag-ran","tag-regional-security","tag-submarines"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAccess to the sea is an existential issue, says RAN chief | The Strategist<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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