{"id":88608,"date":"2024-08-29T16:07:01","date_gmt":"2024-08-29T06:07:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/?p=88608"},"modified":"2024-08-30T12:01:51","modified_gmt":"2024-08-30T02:01:51","slug":"northern-frontier-culture-how-china-is-erasing-mongolia-from-mongolian-culture","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/northern-frontier-culture-how-china-is-erasing-mongolia-from-mongolian-culture\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Northern frontier culture\u2019: How China is erasing \u2018Mongolia\u2019 from Mongolian culture"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/figure>\n

Chinese authorities have launched a campaign to change the term that people use to refer to Mongolian culture and to the cultural and historical heritage of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) in a move aimed at eroding Mongolian identity and sense of homeland.<\/p>\n

The Chinese Communist Party\u2019s new official term, bei jiang wenhua,<\/em> meaning \u2018northern frontier culture\u2019, eliminates reference to Mongolians, one of China\u2019s 56 officially recognised ethnic groups. Since July 2023, Inner Mongolia state media articles, official websites, party statements, party-organised children\u2019s activities, and official social media posts<\/a> have widely promoted the phrase. The party\u2019s regional propaganda office has also founded an academic journal dedicated to \u2018northern frontier culture\u2019, and Inner Mongolia\u2019s premier state-run academic institute has opened a \u2018northern frontier\u2019 research centre.<\/p>\n

The adoption of the term appears to be part of the CCP\u2019s growing campaign<\/a> to weaken Mongolian ethnic identity and instead push<\/a> a Han-centric national identity through the elimination of Mongolian language education and other measures.<\/p>\n

Under Chinese leader Xi Jinping, the party has increasingly equated the culture and language of the dominant Han ethnic group, which comprises more than 90 percent of the country\u2019s population, with being a loyal member of the \u2018Chinese nation\u2019<\/a> (Zhonghua minzu<\/em>). It has aggressively pursued assimilationist policies throughout the country, especially in nominally autonomous regions including Xinjiang<\/a> and Tibet<\/a>, where the party views strong ethnic identity as a threat to its rule.<\/p>\n

The CCP once praised Mongolians as China\u2019s \u2018model minority\u2019 due to their early support for communist rule in exchange for recognition of the country\u2019s first ethnic autonomous region with the right to a degree of self-governance enshrined in law\u2014though never fully upheld. Even so, Inner Mongolia\u2014home to more than 4 million ethnic Mongolians\u2014has at times been the theatre of ethnic clashes between indigenous populations and the Han during decades of colonial rule, just as in other frontier regions like Tibet and Xinjiang. Clashes have broken out over land dispossession, polluting practices and discriminatory economic policies.<\/p>\n

But in the past decade, under Xi\u2019s leadership, the party\u2019s tolerance for cultural, ethnic, and linguistic diversity within China has shrunk dramatically. The party shifted its focus to forcibly assimilating local populations and erasing their sense of belonging to a different \u2018nationality\u2019 (minzu<\/em>).<\/p>\n

The CCP Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Committee, the region\u2019s top political body, launched the \u2018northern frontier culture\u2019 campaign in July 2023. The party committee called for \u2018forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation\u2019 by \u2018establishing the \u201cnorthern frontier culture\u201d brand, according to a meeting communique<\/a> released on July 6.<\/p>\n

All sectors of society should \u2018integrate\u2019 the brand into \u2018public cultural facilities, urban landmark buildings, tourist landscape displays, public landscape construction, and into the creation of cultural and artistic works\u2019, Li Jiong, the party secretary of the local Chinese People\u2019s Political Consultative Conference in the regional capital Hohhot, said<\/a> in September 2023.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

Picture: The Northern Frontier Intangible Cultural Heritage Exhibition, 20 June 2024, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, online<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The purpose of the \u2018northern frontier culture brand\u2019 is to \u2018educate and guide the people of all ethnic groups to firmly establish a correct view of the country, history, nation, culture, and religion\u2019, Kang Jianguo, a researcher at the state-run Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Sciences, wrote<\/a> in a 17 July 2023 article published in the region\u2019s flagship party mouthpiece Inner Mongolia Daily.<\/p>\n

\u2018Northern frontier culture\u2019 was created through the \u2018intermingling\u2019 of different ethnic groups in Inner Mongolia, a process that \u2018developed and consolidated the unity of the great motherland\u2019, Kang wrote. Kang, who is Han Chinese, was appointed the director of the academy\u2019s new Northern Frontier Research Center a few months later.<\/p>\n

But what the party means by ethnic blending is the triumph of Han culture and the territorial claims of the Chinese state, experts say. The campaign is a clear message that the place where ethnic Mongolians live \u2018is not the Mongolian homeland but rather an integral part of the People\u2019s Republic of China, that this region has always been a multiethnic region fused together by the Han and the Mongols and other ethnic groups\u2019, James Leibold, professor at La Trobe University and expert in China\u2019s politics of ethnicity, race and national identity, told the Strategist<\/em>. It\u2019s \u2018essentially erasing Mongol culture and history\u2019.<\/p>\n

By adopting bei jiang<\/em> to refer to Mongolian culture, the party is repurposing an existing term. In the past, bei jiang<\/em> has most frequently referred to northern Xinjiang, part of a formulation dating back at least as early as the Qing Dynasty to distinguish between the northern and southern portions of China\u2019s westernmost region of Xinjiang. Prior to 2022, the year leading up to the official campaign launch, the use of bei jiang<\/em> to refer to Inner Mongolia was relatively rare and bei jiang wenhua<\/em> to refer to Mongolian culture virtually unknown. It\u2019s \u2018new terminology\u2019 that is \u2018completely made up\u2019, Enghebatu Togochog, director of the New York-based Southern Mongolian Human Rights Information Center, told the Strategist.<\/p>\n

\u2018This is part of the bigger overarching policy of inculcating a Chinese nationality common identity,\u2019 Togochog, who is ethnic Mongolian, said. \u2018To us, this is cultural genocide.\u2019<\/p>\n

The term has also recently appeared<\/a> in Heilongjiang, a far northern province that borders Inner Mongolia and has a very small population of ethnic Mongolians and ethnic Manchu.<\/p>\n

The campaign has swept through the region\u2019s museums, universities, institutes, schools, and even art shops.<\/p>\n

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Picture: Tumuji Middle School in Zalantun, Inner Mongolia, launched the ‘Northern Frontier Children’s Hearts to the Party’ June 1 celebration event, in June 2022, <\/em>online<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

In October 2023, Zheng Chengyan, vice director of the Inner Mongolia Museum, wrote<\/a> in an essay posted to the Inner Mongolia culture and tourism department website that \u2018northern frontier culture as a regional culture has been jointly created by all ethnic groups in the northern frontier region since ancient times and is an important part of Chinese culture\u2019.<\/p>\n

In addition to its new studies centre, the Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Sciences hosted<\/a> an academic seminar on northern frontier studies in April 2024, requiring that all research papers submitted for the conference \u2018adhere to the principle of forging the sense of shared community of the Chinese nation\u2019. The same month, the party\u2019s regional propaganda department sponsored<\/a> the establishment of a new academic journal called \u2018Northern Frontier Culture Research\u2019.<\/p>\n

Official websites and organizations have also changed their branding to align with the campaign. The banner atop the Inner Mongolia party committee organisation department\u2019s website<\/a> now reads \u2018Northern Frontier Pioneer Net\u2019. The name on the official media<\/a> accounts<\/a> of the state-run Inner Mongolia Women\u2019s Federation is now \u2018The Voice of Northern Frontier Women\u2019.<\/p>\n

In April 2024, a junior high school in Baotou, a city in central Inner Mongolia, held<\/a> a northern frontier-themed reading activity, hosted by the local party committee and education department.<\/p>\n

Shops selling traditional Mongolian art and handicrafts seem to be a target for the campaign as well. In July 2024, the owner of a shop in Baotou selling Mongolian silver jewelry told<\/a> the People\u2019s Daily: \u2018I want to do the utmost to showcase these exquisite works to more people, allowing them to appreciate the allure of northern frontier culture.\u2019<\/p>\n

The Chinese government has recently adopted similar terminology shifts in Xinjiang and Tibet. Chinese state media and other official communications in both English and Chinese now often refer to people in Xinjiang as \u2018Xinjiang people\u2019 (Xinjiang ren<\/em>), rather than referring to their specific ethnicity such as Uyghur, Kazakh, or Han. For example, this social media post<\/a> by official newspaper the Global Times<\/em> refers to Uyghur children as \u2018Xinjiang kids\u2019 and \u2018children in China\u2019s Xinjiang\u2019 rather than calling them Uyghur.<\/p>\n

Chinese authorities have also begun using the term \u2018Xizang\u2019 instead of \u2018Tibet\u2019 \u2014 Tibetans\u2019 preferred name for their homeland \u2014 in English-language state media and other official communications, after an official white paper<\/a> issued in November 2023 used the new formulation. \u2018Xizang\u2019 is the Chinese term for the region known in English and internationally as Tibet, which is not used in Chinese. Tibetan activists say<\/a> the push is part of Beijing\u2019s attempts to weaken international recognition of a separate Tibetan identity and further assert China\u2019s sovereignty over the region.<\/p>\n

So far, \u2018northern frontier culture\u2019 appears almost exclusively in Chinese, with only a handful of English-language references. That suggests it is, for now, aimed at shaping the attitudes of a domestic audience, rather than a foreign audience.<\/p>\n

Ethnic Mongolians comprise about 18 percent of Inner Mongolia\u2019s population, with Han Chinese making up about 79 percent. While 18 percent might seem comparatively small, it amounts to more than 4 million people, which is more than the entire population of the bordering independent country of Mongolia, which has 3.5 million people. Inner Mongolia is also the last region in which traditional Mongolian script is widely used and understood. The country of Mongolia adopted<\/a> Cyrillic script in 1946.<\/p>\n

Language is a core part of the campaign\u2014and not just when it comes to terminology. The CCP began rolling back<\/a> minority language education in Xinjiang and Tibet in the 2010s. Inner Mongolia did not change its education policies during that decade, and Mongolian remained the primary language of education in many schools for Mongolian students in the region. But in 2020, the CCP expanded<\/a> the plan for \u2018national unified Chinese textbooks\u2019\u2014meaning the mandatory adoption of Chinese-language textbooks\u2014to all regions with large minority groups, including Inner Mongolia. The change was met with the largest protests Inner Mongolia had seen in decades, which the government swiftly subdued.<\/p>\n

\u2018At the start, they [the government] said they would be switching from Mongolian to Chinese for only a few select subjects, but that turned out not to be true,\u2019 says Togochog. \u2018Mongolian language is now taught as a foreign language once a week, Mongolian students and children are barred from learning any subject in Mongolian anymore.\u2019<\/p>\n

The plan\u2019s roll-out was completed<\/a> in October 2023, just a few months after the launch of the \u2018northern frontier culture\u2019 campaign.<\/p>\n

‘What\u2019s happening in Inner Mongolia,\u2019 James Leibold said, \u2018is crucial to understanding the intention of the party in continuing to carry out its settler-colonial project in the borderlands.\u2019<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chinese authorities have launched a campaign to change the term that people use to refer to Mongolian culture and to the cultural and historical heritage of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) in a move …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2060,"featured_media":88630,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mi_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[52,249,115,2463,2238],"class_list":["post-88608","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-general","tag-china","tag-human-rights","tag-mongolia","tag-tibet","tag-xinjiang","dinkus-strategist-special-report"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u2018Northern frontier culture\u2019: How China is erasing \u2018Mongolia\u2019 from Mongolian culture | The Strategist<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/northern-frontier-culture-how-china-is-erasing-mongolia-from-mongolian-culture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u2018Northern frontier culture\u2019: How China is erasing \u2018Mongolia\u2019 from Mongolian culture | The Strategist\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chinese authorities have launched a campaign to change the term that people use to refer to Mongolian culture and to the cultural and historical heritage of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) in a move ...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/northern-frontier-culture-how-china-is-erasing-mongolia-from-mongolian-culture\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Strategist\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ASPI.org\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-08-29T06:07:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-08-30T02:01:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/GettyImages-2164018414.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"768\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Bethany Allen\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ASPI_org\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ASPI_org\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Bethany Allen\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/\",\"name\":\"The Strategist\",\"description\":\"ASPI's analysis and commentary site\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-AU\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/northern-frontier-culture-how-china-is-erasing-mongolia-from-mongolian-culture\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/GettyImages-2164018414.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.aspistrategist.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/GettyImages-2164018414.jpg\",\"width\":1024,\"height\":768,\"caption\":\"HOHHOT, CHINA - JULY 31, 2024 - Aerial view of urban buildings in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China, July 31, 2024. 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